淺論園林設(shè)計中現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理論的應(yīng)用

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【論文摘要】：現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理論為園林設(shè)計開辟了一個全新的時代，引入了新的理念與設(shè)計方式。現(xiàn)代園林設(shè)計要求必須在深入了解現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理論內(nèi)涵及原則的前提下，來進(jìn)行園林的設(shè)計。本文通過對現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理論的原則及若干種現(xiàn)代設(shè)計方式在園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用，來進(jìn)行全面的探討及分析，希望能夠給園林設(shè)計者帶來工作上的幫助。

  【 abstract 】 : modern design theory for the landscape design has opened up a new era, introduces a new concept and design method. Modern landscape design requirements must be in the deep understanding of modern design theory connotation and principles under the premise of to landscape design. This article through to the modern design theory and the principle of several kinds of modern design method in the application of landscape design, to fully discussed and analysis, hoping to bring garden designers help at work.        　　一、現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理論的原則   One, the principles of modern design theory    　　 新形勢下現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理論的原則有以下幾個內(nèi)容：   Under the new situation of modern design theory of the principle has the following contents:    　　 1.1以功能作為設(shè)計最主要的原則，現(xiàn)代的設(shè)計思想是以人為最終的服務(wù)目標(biāo)，現(xiàn)代的設(shè)計理論就是功能主義。在現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理論思想的要求下必須把設(shè)計逐漸轉(zhuǎn)為功能主義的形式，要注重強(qiáng)調(diào)功能第一的主導(dǎo)思想。   1.1 in order to function as the design of the main principles and design ideas of modern human is the ultimate service goal, modern design theory is functional. At the request of the modern design theory thoughts must put design into functional forms gradually, to pay attention to the dominant idea emphasizes the function first.    　　 1.2為大眾服務(wù)的思想，設(shè)計的本質(zhì)理念是服務(wù)，不需要追求過多形式化的東西，而是要強(qiáng)調(diào)服務(wù)的內(nèi)涵。   1.2 designed for the thought of the public service, is the idea of the nature of the service, do not need to pursue too much formal things, but to emphasize service connotation.    　　 1.3簡潔實(shí)用，現(xiàn)代的設(shè)計理論要求剝除原有的設(shè)計形態(tài)及特征，運(yùn)用基礎(chǔ)的幾何單體，形成簡潔實(shí)用的設(shè)計。   1.3 is concise and practical, modern design theory requires removal of the original design form and characteristics, using the basic geometry of the monomer, the form of concise and practical design.    　　 1.4技術(shù)和藝術(shù)相互結(jié)合的本質(zhì)內(nèi)涵，現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理論提出了很多創(chuàng)新的思想。技術(shù)要和藝術(shù)相結(jié)合，在遵循自然的客觀原則下，實(shí)現(xiàn)工藝美術(shù)的改革。   1.4 technical and artistic combination of essential connotation, modern design theory put forward many innovative ideas. Technology must be combined and art, under the following the principle of nature, realize the reform of the arts and crafts.    　　二、現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理論三大構(gòu)成因素在園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用   Second, the theory of modern design the application of the three factors in garden design    　　 色彩構(gòu)成、平面構(gòu)成、立體構(gòu)成不僅是設(shè)計的構(gòu)成因素，而且也是設(shè)計的核心元素，是設(shè)計的實(shí)際表現(xiàn)形式。這三大構(gòu)成元素在園林設(shè)計時，可以獨(dú)立運(yùn)用，也可以結(jié)合運(yùn)用。   Color composition, plane composition, three-dimensional construction is not only the factors of design, and is a core element in design, is the actual form of the design. These three elements in landscape design, can be used independently, can also be combined with use.    　　2．1色彩在現(xiàn)代園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用   2.1 the application of color in modern landscape design    　　 色彩在園林設(shè)計中應(yīng)用的理論基礎(chǔ)是因?yàn)樵诿鎸ι蕰a(chǎn)生同樣的心理方面及感應(yīng)。   Theoretical basis of color in landscape design applications because in the face of color will have the same psychological and induction.    　　2．1．1色彩的輕重感在園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用   2.1.1 colorific weight feeling application in landscape design    　　 淺色的事物顯得輕盈，重色的事物顯得沉重，在園林設(shè)計中一定要把握色彩的輕重感，才能體現(xiàn)設(shè)計的主題。輕重感的規(guī)律包括：白(輕)<高明度<中明度({氐明度<(重)黑；低純度(輕)<中純度<(重)高純度。高明度的淺色系顯得輕快，低明度的深色系顯得穩(wěn)重，在色彩的搭配與設(shè)計上一定要注意整體的協(xié)調(diào)性。   Light color is light, heavy color of things seem to be heavy, must hold the weight of the color in the landscape design, to reflect the theme of the design. Sense of seriousness of law include: white (light) < < tall lightness of lightness ({di < lightness (heavy) black; low purity (light) in the < < high purity (heavy). Tall lightness appears light light color fastens, appear sedate and low lightness of brunet department must pay attention to on colorific collocation and design the overall coordination.    　　2．1．2冷暖色系在園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用   2.1.2 warm and cool color application in landscape design    　　 在現(xiàn)代設(shè)計學(xué)中，色彩可以分為暖色及冷色系。暖色系可以充分展現(xiàn)熱烈愉快的氛圍，進(jìn)行園林設(shè)計時一般適用在慶典等場面。例如：在廣場入口設(shè)置顏色鮮艷的大型花柱，拱托歡愉的氣氛。冷色系則是突出寧靜與肅穆的氛圍。例如：建筑物的頂部以藍(lán)為主色調(diào)，配以白色，可以營造肅穆的氛圍。   In the modern design, color can be divided into warm color and cool color department. Warm color department can fully show a warm pleasant atmosphere, for landscape design usually used in celebrations, etc. For example: set colors bright-coloured big style, the entrance of the square arch supporting the atmosphere of joy. Cool color department is quiet and solemn atmosphere. For example: the top of the buildings in blue color, match with white, can create a solemn atmosphere.    　　2．1．3色彩憂郁和明快感在園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用   2.1.3 colour blue and lively sense of application in landscape design    　　 純度與明度是是色彩產(chǎn)生憂郁或明快感的主要因素。明度較高的顏色搭配可以很容易獲得明快感，而明度較低的顏色搭配就會引發(fā)憂郁感。在選擇園林設(shè)計的整體感覺時，要著重把握顏色對比度高低所產(chǎn)生的明快及憂郁感，這樣才能充分體現(xiàn)園林設(shè)計的內(nèi)涵。   The purity and lightness is produced is colour blue or vivid sense of the main factors. The color with taller lightness can be easily obtained and lively feeling, and the color with low lightness can trigger depression. When choosing the overall feel of the landscape design, emphasize the color produced by high and low contrast with its lively and depression, so as to fully embody the connotation of landscape design.    　　2．2平面構(gòu)成在園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用   2.2 planar formation application in landscape design    　　 平面構(gòu)成屬于視覺語言中的一種，是知覺和視覺共同作用產(chǎn)生的。平面構(gòu)成的原理是指將設(shè)計中的若干因素，在邏輯推理的研究下進(jìn)行構(gòu)思，整合成為預(yù)期畫面的過程。點(diǎn)、線、面都是屬于平面構(gòu)成的因素。   Planar formation belongs to one of the visual language, is a common effect produced by the perception and vision. Planar formation refers to the design of a number of factors, the principle of the idea, under the logic research into expected image process. Dot, line, face is belonging to planar formation factors.    　　2．2．1點(diǎn)在園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用   2.2.1 point application in landscape design    　　 點(diǎn)雖然在平面構(gòu)成的實(shí)際體現(xiàn)中只具有較小的面積，但是它的形狀具有很強(qiáng)的多邊性。點(diǎn)的聚集性可以極易獲取目光的焦點(diǎn)，在園林設(shè)計中可以把點(diǎn)當(dāng)做整體構(gòu)成的視覺向心點(diǎn)或焦點(diǎn)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)突出主題或創(chuàng)造意境的根本目的。例如：在林間小道的盡頭設(shè)置涼亭，在假山階梯的盡頭設(shè)置彩門，這一種突出點(diǎn)的形式可以迅速獲取視覺的焦點(diǎn)。點(diǎn)的設(shè)置及組合是構(gòu)成園林設(shè)計韻律及節(jié)奏的構(gòu)成因素。在進(jìn)行園林設(shè)計時運(yùn)用點(diǎn)的差異性組合，可以構(gòu)構(gòu)造出富有韻律及節(jié)奏的意境。例如排列整齊的樹木，可以體現(xiàn)秩序井然的意境。   Point while in the actual embodiment of planar only has a small area, but its shape has a strong multilateral. Points of clustering can be easy to get attention, in landscape design can make point of visual elements in the whole radial point or focus, in order to realize the highlight the fundamental purpose of theme or create artistic conception. For example: set the pavilion at the end of the tree-lined paths, setting decorated gateway at the end of the stair of rockery, that the form of a prominent point can quickly get visual focus. Point setting and combination is a landscape design factors of rhyme and rhythm. In the landscape design use point difference combination, can construct rich rhythm and rhythm of the artistic conception. The neat rows of trees, for example, can embody the artistic conception of orderly.  2．2．2線在園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用   2.2.2 line application in landscape design    　　 點(diǎn)在發(fā)生移動之后產(chǎn)生的軌跡稱之為線，是點(diǎn)之間聯(lián)結(jié)的表現(xiàn)形式，線的最突出特征是長度，園林設(shè)計中常用的兩種線條包括直線和曲線。水平線、垂直線、傾斜線是直線出現(xiàn)的三種形式。直線一般應(yīng)用在道路綠化帶、規(guī)則式園林、局部自由式園林的設(shè)計中。水平線具有統(tǒng)一、穩(wěn)定、莊重等的特征。曲線在園林設(shè)計中具有很高的應(yīng)用頻率，在園林作品中隨處都可以見到曲線的存在。其在園林設(shè)計中占據(jù)著非常重要的作用，能夠最大程度上擴(kuò)大園林作品的空間及視覺感受。   Points after move trajectory of called line, is the expression of coupling between point, line length, is the most striking feature is commonly used in landscape design of the two lines including straight lines and curves. Horizontal, vertical, inclined line is linear in three forms. Straight line general application of the rules of road green belts, style, local style garden landscape design. Horizontal line has the characteristics of unity, steady, serious, etc. Curve in the landscape design has the very high frequency of application, in the garden works everywhere can see the existence of the curve. It occupies a very important role in landscape design, to maximum extent, to expand the size of the landscape works and visual perception.    　　2．2．3面在園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用   2.2.3 surface application in landscape design    　　 形狀不同的線在封閉情況下可以構(gòu)成具有差異性質(zhì)的面。幾何曲線形平面和直線形平面幾何形平面都屬于園林設(shè)計中經(jīng)常用到的平面構(gòu)成因素。幾何形平面可以是規(guī)則對稱的，也可以是不對稱散亂的。一般情況下，規(guī)則對稱的平面都是應(yīng)用在具有紀(jì)念意義園林廣場的設(shè)計中，如南京中山陵廣場及天安門廣場。不規(guī)則的幾何曲線平面可以應(yīng)用在花壇、街心公園或庭院的設(shè)計上。   Different shapes of line in a closed cases, can constitute have difference nature of the surface. Geometric curved shape is flat and straight plane geometric plane belong to the botanical garden is often used in the design of the plane of the component. Rules of geometric plane can be symmetrical, also can is messy. Under normal circumstances, the rules of the symmetry plane is applied in the design of memorial significance garden square, such as sun yat-sen's mausoleum in nanjing square and the tiananmen square. Irregular curve plane geometry can be applied on the design of the flower beds, or courtyard park.    　　2．3立體構(gòu)成在園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用   2.3 three-dimensional construction application in landscape design    　　 立體構(gòu)成在設(shè)計中也可以稱為空間造形，是用來傳達(dá)視覺的一種設(shè)計形式，其傳達(dá)的信息具有感性的特點(diǎn)。立體造型具有的特點(diǎn)包括：在限定的空間之內(nèi)、以實(shí)體占據(jù)空間、結(jié)合空間構(gòu)成全新的意境、產(chǎn)生新的視覺。   Three-dimensional form in design can also be called space shape, are used to convey the visual form of a design, the message has the characteristics of sensibility. Stereo modelling has features including: within a limited amount of space, in a physical space, combined with the space constitute a new artistic conception, produce new visual.    　　2．3．1粒體在園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用   2.3.1 granule application in landscape design    　　 粒體不僅是最小的形體單位，而且包含點(diǎn)的形式特點(diǎn)，粒體在形象的設(shè)計上是非常隨意的。粒體在進(jìn)行園林設(shè)計時，可以聯(lián)想為多種形狀的樹木，如圓球形、傘形花形等，甚至可以聯(lián)想為圓柱形的。粒體集中起來構(gòu)成的空間，可以給人享受到輕快、活潑和充滿樂趣的氛圍感。粒體在園林的設(shè)計中雖然占據(jù)著很小的空間位置，但是卻可以起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。   Granule is not only the smallest physical unit, and consists of points in the form of a characteristic of granule on the design of the image is very casual. Granule in the landscape design, to think for a variety of shapes of trees, is like a round ball, umbellate flowers shape, etc., can even lenovo is cylindrical. Granule together constitute the space, can give a person enjoy brisk, lively and full of fun atmosphere. Granule in the design of garden while occupying small space, but it can have the effect that make the finishing point.    　　2．3．2_線體的在園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用   2.3.2 _ line body of application in landscape design    　　 平面線條的三維化形式稱為線體，線體不僅包含平面線全部的特征，而且的還擁有自身獨(dú)特的形式。線體可以由不同的形態(tài)來組成，其展現(xiàn)出來的視覺效果也是迥異的。在設(shè)計園林的時候要了解其構(gòu)成原理，遵循均衡和對稱的原則。左右、上下及放射形對稱是園林設(shè)計中的三種對稱方式。在設(shè)計園林時要注意左右及上下的對稱方式是把物體的中心線當(dāng)做對稱軸，而放射形對稱卻是以物體中心來向四周發(fā)射的形式設(shè)計的，如傘亭及風(fēng)車。   Three-dimensional form of the line called a plane body, the line body plane line not only contains all the features, but also has its own unique form. Line body can be composed of different forms, the visual effect of its display is also different. When designing gardens to understand its composition principle, follow the principle of balance and symmetry. Left and right, up and down, radiate symmetrical is three symmetrical ways of landscape design. When designing gardens symmetrical way to pay attention to the left and right and up and down is the center line as axis of symmetry of the object, and radiate symmetrical is designed in the form of objects around the center to launch, such as umbrella pavilion and windmills.    　　2．3．3面體在園林設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用   2.3.3 icosahedron application in landscape design    　　 面體是一種可以對空間進(jìn)行限定的立體構(gòu)成方式，曲面或平面空間是線體的兩種體現(xiàn)形式。因?yàn)槊骟w可以展現(xiàn)各種形式的狀態(tài)，所以空間的限定及構(gòu)成也隨之展現(xiàn)多種形態(tài)。在設(shè)計園林時，若把握好面體的運(yùn)用，就可以營造出很多種形式、意境及空間。以面體來作為創(chuàng)造空間的因素時，在確定單位面體的正面形態(tài)及厚度以后，把若干個單位面體組合到統(tǒng)一的空間里。在進(jìn)行組合單位面體的時候，要特別注意以下幾個問題：要在預(yù)期目標(biāo)的要求下，協(xié)調(diào)好各單位面體之間的相互聯(lián)系，確保能夠獲得最好的效果。例如：各山的位置及大小的安排，草地、池塘、涼亭在整體園林中所占的比例。   Surface is a kind of body can be to a limited amount of space three-dimensional structure mode, surface or plane space is the line of the two kinds of forms. Because the surface of body can show various forms of state, so the space is limited and composition of showing a variety of forms. When designing gardens, if hold good sides apply, can create a variety of forms, artistic conception and space. Surface body as to the creation of space factors, in determining the unit after the front of the plane body form and thickness, the number of unit surface body combination to the unity of space. Are combined in the unit surface of the body, paying special attention to the following questions: at the request of the anticipated target, coordinate between each unit surface body contact, make sure you are able to obtain the best results. For example: the arrangement of the location and size of each mountain, grassland, ponds, pavilions in the proportion of the overall landscape architecture.    　　3.結(jié)束語   3. The last word    　　 園林設(shè)計中的三大構(gòu)成因素之間存在著非常密切的聯(lián)系，平面構(gòu)成是園林設(shè)計的基礎(chǔ)元素，在平面構(gòu)成的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步形成了立體構(gòu)成，再運(yùn)用色彩來體現(xiàn)設(shè)計的主旨；色彩是平面構(gòu)成及立體構(gòu)成的表現(xiàn)形式，而立體構(gòu)成又是色彩和平面構(gòu)成更深層次的遞進(jìn)，三個構(gòu)成因素之間相互促進(jìn)形成了豐富的立體空間。在進(jìn)行園林的設(shè)計時，一定要在充分掌握三大構(gòu)成因素原理的前提下，綜合運(yùn)用它們之間的聯(lián)系，使其潛在的能力能夠得到發(fā)揮，為我國的園林建設(shè)提供支持。   Exist among the three major factors in the design of landscape is very closely linked, planar is the foundation of the landscape design elements, on the basis of the planar formation forms a solid composition further, then use colour to reflect the subject of the design; Color is composed of planar and three-dimensional forms, and the three-dimensional form and colour and plane forming at a deeper level, promote each other between three factors formed a rich in three-dimensional space. In the landscape design, three factors must be fully mastering principle under the premise of the integrated use of the contact between them, make it play, potential ability to be able to get support for our country's landscape construction.